Imageable seam intermediate transfer belt having toner particle-sized kerf gap

ABSTRACT

Marking machines having imageable seam intermediate transfer belts and toner particles that are “tuned” to that belt. An imageable seam intermediate transfer belt includes a puzzle-cut first end and a puzzle-cut second end that are interlocked along a kerf to form a seam. That kerf has an average width of W. A developer deposits toner particles onto a latent image on a photoreceptor. Those toner particles have an average minimum width (diameter if the particles are spherical) of a size that is similar to W. That is, the kerf width is at least within an order of magnitude of the average minimum width of a toner particle. A transfer station then transfers toner from the photoreceptor to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. The marking machines beneficially include a charging station for charging the photoreceptor, an imaging station for exposing the charged photoreceptor to produce the latent image, a fuser for receiving and fusing toner from the seamed intermediate transfer belt to a substrate, and a cleaning station for cleaning the photoreceptor.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to electrophotographic printing machines having seamed intermediate transfer belts.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electrophotographic printing is a well-known and commonly used method of copying or printing documents. Electrophotographic printing is performed by exposing a light image representation of a desired document onto a substantially uniformly charged photoreceptor. In response to that light image the photoreceptor discharges, creating an electrostatic latent image of the desired document on the photoreceptor's surface. Toner is then deposited onto that latent image, forming a toner image. The toner image is then transferred from the photoreceptor onto a receiving substrate such as a sheet of paper. The transferred toner image is then fused with the substrate, usually using heat and/or pressure. The surface of the photoreceptor is then cleaned of residual developing material and recharged in preparation for the production of another image.

The foregoing generally describes black and white electrophotographic printing machines. Electrophotographic printing can also produce color images by repeating the above process for each color of toner that is used to make the color image. For example, the photoreceptive surface may be exposed to a light image that represents a first color, say black. The resultant electrostatic latent image can then be developed with black toner particles to produce a black toner layer that is subsequently transferred onto a receiving substrate. The process can then be repeated for a second color, say yellow, then for a third color, say magenta, and finally for a fourth color, say cyan. When the toner layers are placed in superimposed registration the desired composite color toner image is formed and fused on the receiving substrate.

The color printing process described above superimposes the color toner layers directly onto a substrate. Other electrophotographic printing systems use intermediate transfer belts. In such systems successive toner layers are electrostatically transferred in superimposed registration from the photoreceptor onto an intermediate transfer belt. Only after the composite toner image is formed on the intermediate transfer belt is that image transferred and fused onto the substrate. Indeed, some electrophotographic printing systems use multiple intermediate transfer belts, transferring toner to and from the belts as required to fulfill the requirements of the machine's overall architecture.

In operation, an intermediate transfer belt is brought into contact with a toner image-bearing member such as a photoreceptor belt. In the contact zone an electrostatic field generating device such as a corotron, a bias transfer roller, a bias blade, or the like creates electrostatic fields that transfer toner onto the intermediate transfer belt.

Subsequently, the intermediate transfer belt is brought into contact with a receiver. A similar electrostatic field generating device then transfers toner from the intermediate transfer belt to the receiver. Depending on the system, a receiver can be another intermediate transfer member or a substrate onto which the toner will eventually be fixed. In either case the control of the electrostatic fields in and near the transfer zone is a significant factor in toner transfer.

Intermediate transfer belts often take the form of seamed belts fabricated by fastening two ends of a web material together, such as by welding, sewing, wiring, stapling, or gluing. While seamless intermediate transfer belts are possible, they require manufacturing processes that make them much more expensive than similar seamed intermediate transfer belts. This is particularly true when the intermediate transfer belt is long. While seamed intermediate transfer belts are relatively low in cost, the seam introduces a discontinuity that interferes with the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of the belt. While it is possible to synchronize a printer's operation with the motion of the intermediate transfer belt so that toner is not electrostatically transferred onto the seam, such synchronization adds to the printer's expense and complexity, resulting in loss of productivity. Additionally, since high speed electrophotographic printers typically produce images on paper sheets that are cut from a paper “web,” if the seam is avoided the resulting unused portion of the paper web must be cut-out, producing waste. Furthermore, even with synchronization the mechanical problems related to the discontinuity, such as excessive cleaner wear and mechanical vibrations, still exist. However, because of the numerous difficulties with transferring toner onto and off of a seamed intermediate transfer belt in the prior art it was necessary to avoid toner transfer onto (and thus off of) a seam.

Acceptable intermediate transfer belts require sufficient seam strength to achieve a desired operating life. While that life depends on the specific application, typically it will be at least 100,000 operating cycles, but more preferably 1,000,000 or more cycles. Considering that a seamed intermediate transfer belt suffers mechanical stresses from belt tension, traveling over rollers, moving through transfer nips, and passing through cleaning systems, achieving such a long operating life is not trivial. Thus the conflicting constraints of long life and limited topographical size at the seam places a premium on adhesive strength and good seam construction.

A prior art “puzzle-cut” approach to seamed belts significantly improves the seam's mechanical strength. U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,436, issued May 7, 1996, entitled, “Puzzle Cut Seamed Belt;” U.S. Pat. No. 5,549,193 entitled “Endless Seamed Belt with Low Thickness Differential Between the Seam and the Rest of the Belt;” and U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,707, issued Jan. 30, 1996, entitled “Puzzle Cut Seamed Belt With Bonding Between Adjacent Surface By UV Cured Adhesive” teach the puzzle-cut approach. While the puzzle-cuts described in the forgoing patents beneficially improve the seam's strength, further improvements would be beneficial. Furthermore, there are other difficulties when transferring toner onto and off of a seam of a seamed intermediate transfer belt.

For a seamed intermediate transfer belt to be acceptable, the final image produced from across the seam must be comparable in quality to images formed across the remainder of the belt. This is a difficult task due to a number of interrelated factors. Some of those factors relate to the fact that the seam should not greatly impact the electrostatic fields used to transfer toner. However, electrostatic transfer fields are themselves dependent on the electrical properties of the intermediate transfer belt. While this dependency is complex, briefly there are conditions where transfer fields are very sensitive to the resistivity and thickness of the materials used for the various layers of the intermediate transfer belt. Under other conditions the electrostatic transfer fields are relatively insensitive to those factors. Similarly, there are conditions where the electrostatic transfer fields are very sensitive to the dielectric constants of the materials used for the layers of the intermediate transfer belt, and other conditions where the electrostatic transfer fields are insensitive to the dielectric constants. Therefore, to successfully transfer toner onto and off of a seamed intermediate transfer belt the electrical properties across and around the seam should be carefully controlled to produce a proper relationship with the remainder of the belt. Since the electrical properties depend on the interrelated factors of seam geometry, seam construction (such as adhesive beyond the seam), seam topology, seam thickness, the presence of an overcoating, and various other factors those factors should be taken into consideration for a given application.

In addition to mechanical strength and electrical compatibility difficulties, there are other problems when transferring toner onto and off of a seam. For example, with most prior art seamed intermediate transfer belts relatively poor cleaning around the seam was acceptable. However, if toner is being transferred onto and off of the seam region the seam must be properly cleaned. Thus, the toner release and friction properties across the seam region have to be comparable to those of the rest of the belt. Furthermore, most prior art seamed intermediate transfer belts have a significant “step” where the belt overlaps to form the seam. That step can be as large as 25 microns. Such a step significantly interferes with transfer and cleaning. Thus if toner is transferred onto and off of the seam, the seam's friction, toner release, and topography are much more constrained than those of other seamed intermediate transfer belts. Furthermore, while the step of a puzzle-cut seamed belt is relatively small, belt tension can cause individual puzzle-cut petal to separate and lift from around neighboring petal. Such lifting introduces localized steps that interfere with blade-based belt cleaners. Such interference can seriously degrade belt and cleaner blade life.

From above it can be seen that a seam's topography is very important if one wants to transfer toner onto and off of a seam region without significant degradation of the final image. The seam topography includes not only the seam itself, but also any overflow of the adhesive used in the seam. This overflow can occur on both the toner-bearing side and the back-side of the belt. Adhesive overflow is important because the belt seam strength can depend on that overflow. However, excessive overflow increases various mechanical, electrical, and xerographic problems. Furthermore, the adhesive's electrical properties remain important.

More information regarding the requirements of imageable seam intermediate transfer belts can be found in U.S. Ser. No. 09/460,896, U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,402 entitled, “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt Having An Overcoat,” by Edward L. Schlueter, Jr. et al., and U.S. Ser. No. 09/460,821, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,659, entitled, “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt,” by Gerald M. Fletcher et al., both filed on Dec. 14, 1999. Those patent documents discuss, among other things, “short-wavelength” and “long-wavelength” spatial disturbances, conformable overcoats, Paschen air breakdown, transfer nip air gaps, suitable electrical properties, material layers, material compositions, environmental and aging concerns, cleaning, surface friction, and “set point control” approaches to enable wider tolerances in electrical properties.

It has been found that achieving high quality toner transfers using seamed intermediate transfer belts can require more than just good electrical properties at and around the seam. In practice, individual toner particles must interact with the electrical properties of seamed intermediate transfer belts. This implies that some toners may work better than others with a particular imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. Thus, toners that can be “tuned” to a particular application would be beneficial. Even more beneficial would be electrostatic marking machines having imageable seam intermediate transfer belts and “tuned” toner particles.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The principles of the present invention provide for electrostatic marking machines having imageable seam intermediate transfer belts and “tuned” toner particles. According to the principles of the present invention a marking machine includes an imageable seam intermediate transfer belt having a puzzle-cut first end and a puzzle-cut second end are interlocked along a kerf to form a seam. That kerf has an average width of W (say 7 microns). The marking machine further includes a developer that deposits toner particles onto latent image on a photoreceptor. Those toner particles have an average minimum width (diameter if particles are spherical) of about W (say within 70%). That is, the localized average width of the kerf is in the same order of magnitude as the average minimum width of a toner particle. A transfer station then transfers the toner on the photoreceptor to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt such that toner particles might be placed on the kerf.

Beneficially, a marking machine according to the present invention further includes a charging station for charging the photoreceptor, an imaging station for exposing the charged photoreceptor to produce the latent image, a fuser for receiving and fusing toner from the seamed intermediate transfer belt to a substrate, and a cleaning station for cleaning the photoreceptor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Other features of the present invention will become apparent as the following description proceeds and upon reference to the drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is an isometric representation of a puzzle-cut seamed intermediate transfer belt;

FIG. 2 is a top down view of the puzzle-cut tab pattern used in the belt of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 shows the puzzle-cut tabs of FIG. 2 interlocked together so as to define a kerf;

FIG. 4 shows the puzzle-cut tabs of FIG. 3 with the kerf filled with an adhesive;

FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a puzzle-cut seam structure that is in accord with the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 6 shows a representative view of toner particles on a puzzle-cut seam according to the principles of the present invention;

FIG. 7 shows a perspective, schematic view of a laser micro-machining system that is suitable for producing puzzle-cut seam structures;

FIG. 8 illustrates an marking machine that is in accord with the principles of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 is an enlarged depiction of part of the marking machine of FIG. 8.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

While the principles of the present invention are described below in connection with an embodiment of a marking machine having an imageable seam intermediate transfer belt and “tuned” toner particles, it should be understood that the present invention is not limited to that particular embodiment. On the contrary, the present invention is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as may be included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

An imageable seam intermediate transfer belt suitable for use in a marking machine according to the principles of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1. That belt includes a semiconductive substrate layer 10 that has its ends joined together to form a continuous belt using mechanically interlocking “puzzle-cut” tabs that form a seam 11. While the seam is illustrated as being perpendicular to the two parallel sides of the substrate layer the seam could be angled or slanted with respect to the parallel sides.

Reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,487,707; 5,514,436; 5,549,193; and 5,721,032 for additional information on puzzle-cut patterns. Typically the seam 11 is about ¼ inch wide.

The substrate layer 10 can be made from a number of different materials, including polyesters, polyurethanes, polyimides, polyvinyl chlorides, polyolefins (such as polyethylene and polypropylene) and/or polyamides (such as nylon), polycarbonates, or acrylics, or blends or alloys of such materials. If required, the selected material is modified by the addition of an appropriate filler such that the substrate layer has a desired electrical conductivity. Appropriate fillers can include for example carbon, Accufluor® fluorinated carbon black, and/or polyanaline, polythiophene or other conductive fillers or polymers. Donor salts can also be used. The substrate layer material should have the physical characteristics appropriate to an intermediate transfer application, including good tensile strength (Young's modulus, typically 1×10³ to 1×10⁶ Newton's/m², resistivity (typically less than 10¹³ ohm cm volume resistivity, greater than 10⁸ ohms/square lateral resistivity), thermal conductivity, thermal stability, flex strength, and high temperature longevity. See the previously referenced U.S. Ser. No. 09/460,896, U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,402, entitled “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt Having An Overcoat,” by Edward L. Schlueter, Jr. et al., and Ser. No. 09/460,821, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,659 entitled “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt,” by Gerald M. Fletcher et al., both filed on Dec. 14, 1999.

FIG. 2 shows a top view of the puzzle-cut tab pattern in more detail. Each tab is comprised of a neck 14 and a node 16 that fit into female 15 interlocking portions. The tabs can be formed using any conventional shaping technique, such as die cutting, laser cutting, specifically by using a laser micro-machining system described subsequently, or by using a cutting wheel. The interlocking tabs mate so as to reduce the stress concentration between the interlocking elements and to permit easy travel around curved members, such as rollers 12 shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a top view of the puzzle-cut tabs of FIG. 2 interlocked together. Physically interlocking the puzzle-cut tabs may require pressure when mating the tabs. Interlocking produces a gap between the mutually mating elements that is called a kerf 20. The kerf is characterized by an average width W, that is, an average distance between the ends of the interlocked substrate layer 10 (reference FIG. 6, which is described in more detail subsequently). As shown in FIG. 4, the interlocking tabs are held together using an adhesive 22 that fills the kerf 20. The adhesive is designed to be physically, chemically, thermally, mechanically, and electrically compatible with the substrate layer material. Seams with a 25 micron average kerf have been typical for the puzzle-cut seam while a kerf less than about 5 microns on average can be preferred. However, a kerf according to the principles of the present invention depends on the average minimum width of the toner particles that are used in a marking system in which the imageable seamed intermediate transfer belt is used.

Significantly, the adhesive and the puzzle-cut tabs act together to create a strong seam. Ideally the seam should be strong, smooth, and mechanically uniform. A suitable imageable seam intermediate transfer belt according to the principles of the present invention might have a three-dimension seam structure. FIG. 4 identifies a section A—A, which will be used as a reference to locate the three-dimension seam structure shown in FIG. 5.

However, it should be understood that a seam structure beneficially extends along the seam, and that the adhesive 22 is disposed both along the seam and across the seam structure. To that end, the adhesive should have a viscosity such that it readily wicks into the kerf. Additionally, the surface energy of the adhesive should be compatible with the substrate layer material such that the adhesive adequately wets and spreads. Furthermore, the adhesive should remain flexible and should adhere well to the substrate layer material. Finally, the adhesive also should have low shrinkage during curing. As an example, the adhesive can be a hot melt adhesive that is heated and pressed into the seam such that the adhesive is flattened, making it as mechanically uniform as possible with the substrate layer 10. Alternatively, the adhesive can be an epoxy-like material, a UV curable adhesives including acrylic epoxies, polyvinyl butyrals, or the like. Further, the “adhesive” can be substantially the substrate material itself, either applied during a separate adhesive application step or else by melting the two ends sufficiently to cause adhesion of the mutually mating elements. Finally, the adhesives may be electrically modified as required for the particular application. Following the application of the adhesive the seam 11 can be finished by buffing, sanding, or micro polishing to achieve a smooth topography.

The relative electrical properties of the adhesive and the substrate are very important because they significantly affect the transfer characteristics of the resulting seam as compared to the transfer characteristics of the rest of the belt. Therefore, the adhesive should produce a seam that has electrical properties that corresponds to that of the substrate layer. That is, under operating conditions a seam should create an electrostatic transfer field in the toner transfer zones that is within at least 20%, preferably within 10%, of the electrostatic transfer field that is present for the remainder of the belt. Ideally the seam electrical properties are substantially the same as the substrate layer and have substantially the same electrical property dependence as the substrate on all important factors, such environment, applied field, and aging. However, significant differences in electrical properties can be allowed for some imageable seam conditions as discussed subsequently. The adhesive electrical properties can be met by mixing fillers or additives with an adhesive. For example, an adhesive might contain silver, indium tin oxide, CuI, SnO2, TCNQ, Quinoline, carbon black, NiO and/or ionic complexes such as quaternary ammonium salts, metal oxides, graphite, or like conductive fillers and conductive polymers such as polyanaline and polythiophenes.

Referring now to FIG. 5, a three-dimensional seam structure may have ends 24 and 26 that are cut to form rabbeted tongues 27 and 28. Those tongues fit together to form a seam 11 such that the outer surface 30 and the inner surface 32 of the resulting belt are substantially flush across the seam. The tongues increase the seam surface area, enabling the adhesive 22 to form a stronger seam.

FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of an imageable seam intermediate transfer belt having toner particles 46 on and around the kerf 11. As previously mentioned the kerf is characterized by an average width W. It should be understood that the width of the kerf will almost always vary. Therefore, the term kerf width should usually be understood as meaning the average kerf width. Furthermore, the toner particles are characterized by an average minimum width 48. The average minimum width is used when referring to toner particles since toner particles are seldom highly spherical objects and thus the term radius is seldom appropriate. However, as shown in FIG. 6, the average minimum width 48 of the toner particles is similar to the average width W of the kerf 11. Such a relationship between the toner particles and the kerf width improves the performance of a marking machine that uses toner particles and imageable seam intermediate transfer belts. This is believed to be because the impact of localized imperfections in the electrostatic properties of an imageable seam intermediate transfer belt are reduced when the toner particles are of a similar size, or greater than, the kerf. Furthermore, such a relationship reduces visual defects in final images.

By similar size it is meant that the average minimum width 48 of the toner particles is within at least an order of magnitude of the average width W of the kerf 11. Better performance is achieved when the average minimum width 48 of the toner particles is within, or greater than, 50% of the average width W of the kerf 11. Even better performance is achieved when the when the average minimum width 48 of the toner particles is equal to, or greater than, the average width W of the kerf 11.

Prior art puzzle-cut seamed intermediate transfer belts were usually fabricated from a blank, planar sheet of suitable belt material that was puzzle-cut, one end at a time, using an intricate and expensive mechanical puzzle-cutting die that extends across the width of the belt. This requires the belt blank to be aligned twice with the elongated die. After cutting, the ends are mechanically aligned, the puzzle-features interlocked to form a mechanically coupled seam, and a suitable adhesive is applied to the seam and cured to form a seamed belt. It is possible to modify this prior art process to produce 3-dimensional seam structures, for example by including cutting, etching, grinding, or milling steps before interlocking the seam. However, the resulting process is slow, labor intensive, and not suitable for large scale, low cost manufacturing. A second prior art puzzle-cut seamed intermediate transfer belt fabrication process uses a laser to simultaneously cut two edges of a continuously fed web of suitable material. However, that process is not suitable for producing 3-dimensional features.

One relatively simple, low cost process for continuous manufacture of puzzle-cut seamed intermediate transfer belts having 3-dimensional seam structures is laser micro-machining. FIG. 7 is a perspective, schematic view of a suitable laser micro-machining system.

As shown in FIG. 7, a fixed laser 76 having beam-spreading optics 78 illuminates a quartz glass mirrored- surface 80 (or thin metal mask) bearing a mask 81 having a desired cutting pattern with a laser beam 82. The laser beam 82 passes through the mask only in the desired cutting pattern. Typically, the mask features are 2-10 times larger than the actual desired cutting pattern. For convenience, a mirror 83 directs the laser beam along a desired path. A focusing and de-magnification lens 84 is appropriately positioned in the desired path between the mask 81 and a belt substrate 85 that is being micro-machined. The lens 84 appropriately de-magnifies the cutting pattern such that the desired features can be cut into the belt substrate. The mask pattern causes the belt substrate to be illuminated with the shape of one or more features that are to be produced. For example, a rectangular cut can be laser milled in the belt edge by illuminating the belt substrate appropriately. A feature can be continuously cut across the width of the belt by moving the belt material using a vacuum stage X-Y platform 86, or by using some other suitable apparatus.

Complex features can be cut using two or more masks, each mask having an appropriately sized feature. Features can then be successively aligned to produce the complex feature. For example, one mask might be used to cut a step along an edge of a belt substrate during a first pass, and then another mask might cut an embedded profile within that step during a second pass. Furthermore, the laser micro-machining process might use only one laser to process both ends of the belt, or plural lasers might be used. For example, a laser might be dedicated to each end of the belt, and/or multiple lasers might work on each end.

In any event, after the belt is laser micro-machined a suitable adhesive is placed over the mating surfaces, the puzzle-cut seams and their seam structures are interlocked, and then the adhesive is cured.

As will be readily understood by those skilled in the appropriate arts, the optimum laser system, energy density, and/or pulse repetition rates will depend upon the particular application. Significant variables include the particular belt material and its thickness, the required cutting/milling rate, the belt material motion, the pattern being produced, and the required feature accuracy. However, to provide a starting point, an ultraviolet (UV) laser having a wavelength of 248 nm or 192 nm will generally be suitable for cutting belts of polyaniline and carbon-black filled polyimide substrates, including those having polyanaline and or zeloc filled polyimide films. Suitable lasers include Excimer and triple frequency multiplied YAG lasers (which are believed capable of effectively producing suitable UV frequencies).

An electrophotographic marking machine 100 that makes beneficial use of imageable seam intermediate transfer belts is illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. With reference to those figures the electrostatographic printer 100 includes a puzzle-cut imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 that is driven over guide rollers 114, 116, 118, and 120. The imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 is beneficially formed sing rabbeted tongues in accord with FIG. 5. Furthermore, the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 has a kerf that has an average width W.

The imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 moves in a process direction shown by the arrow B. For purposes of discussion, the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt includes sections that will be referred to as toner areas. A toner area is that part of the intermediate transfer belt that receives actions from the various stations positioned around the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. While the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt may have multiple toner areas each toner area is processed in the same way.

A toner area is moved past a set of four toner image stations 122, 124, 126, and 128. Each toner image station operates to place a unique color toner image on the toner image of the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90. Each toner image producing station operates in the same manner to form developed toner image for transfer to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt.

While the image producing stations 122, 124, 126, 128 are described in terms of photoreceptive systems, they may also be ionographic systems or other marking systems that form developed toner images. Each toner image producing station 122, 124, 15 126, 128 has an image bearing member 130. The image bearing member 130 is a drum supporting a photoreceptor 121 (see FIG. 9).

Turn now to FIG. 9, which shows an exemplary toner image producing station. That image bearing station generically represents each of the toner image producing station 122, 124, 126, 128. As shown, the photoreceptor 121 is uniformly charged at a charging station 132. The charging station is of well-known construction, having charge generation devices such as corotrons or scorotrons for distribution of an even charge on the surface of the image bearing member. An exposure station 134 exposes the charged photoreceptor 121 in an image-wise fashion to form an electrostatic latent image on an image area. The image area is that part of the image bearing member which receives the various processes by the stations positioned around the image bearing member 130. The image bearing member may have multiple image areas; however, each image area is processed in the same way.

The exposure station 134 preferably has a laser emitting a modulated laser beam. The exposure station then raster scans the modulated laser beam onto the charged image area. The exposure station 134 can alternately employ LED arrays or other arrangements known in the art to generate a light image representation that is projected onto the image area of the photoreceptor 121. The exposure station 134 exposes a light image representation of one color component of a composite color image onto the image area to form a first electrostatic latent image. Each of the toner image producing stations 122, 124, 126, 128 will form an electrostatic latent image corresponding to a particular color component of a composite color image.

The exposed image area is then advanced to a development station 136. The developer station 136 has a developer corresponding to the color component of the composite color image. Typically, therefore, individual toner image producing stations 122, 124, 126, and 128 will individually develop the cyan, magenta, yellow, and black that make up a typical composite color image. Additional toner image producing stations can be provided for additional or alternate colors including highlight colors or other custom colors. Therefore, each of the toner image producing stations 122, 124, 126, 128 develops a component toner image for transfer to the toner area of the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90. The developer station 136 develops the latent image with a charged dry toner powder that has an average minimum width that is of a similar size as the average width W of the kerf of the seamed intermediate transfer belt 90. Reference FIG. 6 for a depiction of the relative widths of the toner particles and the kerf. The developer can employ a magnetic toner brush or other well-known development arrangements.

The image area having the component toner image then advances to the pretransfer station 138. The pretransfer station 138 preferably has a pretransfer charging device to charge the component toner image and to achieve some leveling of the surface voltage above the photoreceptor 121 to improve transfer of the component image from the image bearing member 130 to the imageable seam intermediate transfer member 90. Alternatively the pretransfer station 138 can use a pretransfer light to level the surface voltage above the photoreceptor 121. Furthermore, this can be used in cooperation with a pretransfer charging device.

The image area then advances to a transfer nip 140 defined between the image bearing member 130 and the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90. The image bearing member 130 and imageable seam intermediate transfer belt are synchronized such that each has substantially the same linear velocity at the first transfer nip 140. The component toner image is then electrostatically transferred from the image bearing member 130 to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt by use of a field generation station 142. The field generation station 142 is preferably a bias roller that is electrically biased to create sufficient electrostatic fields of a polarity opposite that of the component toner image to thereby transfer the component toner image to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. Alternatively the field generation station can be a corona device or other various types of field generation systems known in the art. A prenip transfer blade 144 mechanically biases the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 against the image bearing member 130 for improved transfer of the component toner image.

After transfer of the component toner image, the image bearing member 130 then continues to move the image area past a preclean station 139. The preclean station employs a pre clean corotron to condition the toner charge and the charge of the photoreceptor 121 to enable improved cleaning of the image area. The image area then further advances to a cleaning station 141. The cleaning station 141 removes the residual toner or debris from the image area. The cleaning station 141 preferably has blades to wipe the residual toner particles from the image area. Alternately the cleaning station 141 can employ an electrostatic brush cleaner or other well-know cleaning systems. The operation of the cleaning station 141 completes the toner image production for each of the toner image producing stations.

Turning back to FIG. 8, the individual toner image producing stations 122, 124, 126, and 128 each transfer their toner images onto the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90. A first component toner image is advanced onto the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt at the transfer nip of the image producing station 122. Prior to the toner area arriving at that transfer nip the toner area is uniformly charged by a conditioning station 146. This reduces the impact of any stray, low or oppositely charged toner that might result in back transfer of toner into the image producing station 122. Such a conditioning station is positioned before each transfer nip.

The toner images from the individual toner image producing stations 122, 124, 126, and 128 are transferred such that the images are registered. That is, each of the individual color component images are transferred onto the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 such that the human eyes perceives a desired composite color image.

It should be understood that the toner images from the various stations 122, 124, 126, and 128 are transferred to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt without regard to the seam. That is, a toner image can be, but need not be, located across the seam. Furthermore, beneficially the toner particles from all of the various stations have an average minimum width that is of a similar size as, or larger than, the average width W of the kerf of the seamed intermediate transfer belt 90.

The imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 then transports the composite toner image to a pre-transfer charge conditioning station 152 that levels the charges at the toner area of the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt and prepares them for transfer to a transfuse member 150. The pre-transfer charge conditioning station 152 is preferably a scorotron. A second transfer nip 148 is defined between the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 and the transfuse member 150. A field generation station 142 and a pre-transfer nip blade 144 engage the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt and perform similar functions as the field generation stations 142 and pre-transfer blades 144 adjacent the transfer nips 140. The composite toner image is then transferred electrostatically onto the transfuse member 150.

The transfer of the composite toner image at the second transfer nip 148 can be heat assisted if the temperature of the transfuse member 150 is maintained at a sufficiently high optimized level and the temperature of the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 is maintained at a considerably lower optimized level prior to the second transfer nip 148. The mechanism for heat assisted transfer is thought to be softening of the composite toner image during the dwell time of contact of the toner in the second transfer nip 148. This composite toner softening results in increased adhesion of the composite toner image toward the transfuse member 150 at the interface between the composite toner image and the transfuse member. This also results in increased cohesion of the layered toner pile of the composite toner image. The temperature on the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt prior to the second transfer nip 148 needs to be sufficiently low to avoid too high a toner softening and too high a resultant adhesion of the toner to the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. The temperature of the transfuse member should be considerably higher than the toner softening point prior to the second transfer nip to insure optimum heat assist in the second transfer nip 148. Further, the temperature of the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 just prior to the second transfer nip 148 should be considerably lower than the temperature of the transfuse member 150 for optimum transfer in the second transfer nip 148.

Turning now to FIG. 8, the transfuse member 150 is guided in a cyclical path by guide rollers 174, 176, 178, 180. Guide rollers 174, 176 alone or together are preferably heated to thereby heat the transfuse member 150. The imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 and transfuse member 150 are preferably synchronized to have the generally same velocity in the transfer nip 148. Additional heating of the transfuse member is provided by a heating station 182. The heating station 182 is preferably formed of infra-red lamps positioned internally to the path defined by the transfuse member 150. The transfuse member 150 and a pressure roller 184 form a third transfer nip 186.

A releasing agent applicator 188 applies a controlled quantity of a releasing material, such as a silicone oil to the surface of the transfuse member 150. The releasing agent serves to assist in release of the composite toner image from the transfuse member 150 in the third transfer nip 186. However, some systems may not use a release material.

The transfuse member 150 preferably has a top most layer formed of a material having a low surface energy, for example silicone elastomer, fluoroelastomers such as Viton™, polytetrafluoroethylene, perfluoralkane, and other fluorinated polymers. The transfuse member 150 will preferably have intermediate layers between the top most and back layers constructed of a Viton™ or silicone with carbon or other conductivity enhancing additives to achieve the desired electrical properties. The back layer is preferably a fabric modified to have the desired electrical properties. Alternatively the back layer can be a metal such as stainless steel.

A substrate 170 is then advanced toward the third transfer nip 186. The substrate 170 is transported and registered by a material feed and registration system into a substrate pre-heater 173. The substrate pre-heater 173 includes a transport belt that moves the substrate 170 over a heated platen. The heated substrate 170 is then directed into the third transfer nip 186.

At the third transfer nip the composite toner image is transferred and fused to the substrate 170 by heat and pressure to form a completed document 172. The document 172 is then directed into a sheet stacker or other well know document handing system (not shown).

A cooling station 166 cools the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90 after the second transfer nip 148. A cleaning station 154 engages the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt and removes oil, toner or debris that may be remain onto the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt. The cleaning station 154 is preferably a cleaning blade alone or in combination with an electrostatic brush cleaner, or a cleaning web.

While the foregoing is sufficient to understand the general operation of electrophotographic printing machines that use imageable seam intermediate transfer belts, practical systems are somewhat difficult to achieve. This is because imageable seam intermediate transfer belts that produce acceptable final images, such as the imageable seam intermediate transfer belt 90, are subject to numerous electrical and mechanical constraints, limitations, and design problems. More detailed discussions of those constraints, limitations, and design problems are found in U.S. Ser. No. 09/460,896, U.S. Pat. No. 6,245,402, entitled, “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt Having An Overcoat,” in U.S. Ser. No. 09/460,821, U.S. Pat. No. 6,261,659, entitled “Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt,” both filed on Dec. 14, 1999, and in U.S. Ser. No. 09/634,307, entitled “Electrophotographic Marking Machine Having An Imageable Seam Intermediate Transfer Belt,” filed on Aug. 8, 2000.

While this invention has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A marking machine, comprising: a moving photoreceptor; a charging station for charging said moving photoreceptor; an imaging station for exposing said charged photoreceptor so as to produce a latent image; a developer for depositing toner particles onto said latent image; a transfer station for receiving toner particles from said latent image onto an imageable seam intermediate transfer belt; a fuser receiving toner particles from said intermediate transfer belt and for fusing said received toner particles to said substrate; and a cleaning station for cleaning said photoreceptor; wherein said imageable seam intermediate transfer belt comprises a seamed semiconductive substrate having a first end and a second end that mate along a kerf to form a seam, wherein said kerf has an average width of W, and wherein said toner particles have an average minimum width that is within an order of magnitude of W.
 2. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein said kerf is filled with an adhesive.
 3. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein said first end includes a tongue.
 4. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein said seam is continuous.
 5. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein said toner particles have an average minimum width that is within, or greater than, 50% of W.
 6. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein said toner particles have an average minimum width that is equal to, or greater than, W.
 7. A marking machine according to claim 1, wherein first end and said second end are puzzle cut, and wherein said puzzle cut ends interlock to form said kerf. 